Review of the discussions and supporting data towards the further development of CRS requirements under UN R129.

Proposal to clarify UN R129. 1. Requirements for car manufacturers (Regulation No. 16, Annex 17, Appendix 1, which allows a certain zone) are NOT compatible with requirements for Child Restraint System (CRS) manufacturers (Regulation No. 129, paragraph 6.1.3.4., asks for a different zone). The adult belt is supposed to run over the angle between adult thighs (that are more “fat” and the adult pelvis (that has a bigger depth). Therefore the required zone for the Child Restraint Systems has been adapted such that the routing of the adult belt over the child restraint has to closer to the intended use and design of the adult belt.

CLEPA proposals including changes discussed during the meeting.

Proposal for the Phase 2 development of GTR No. 13, including

1. Further consideration of items in the original authorization (document WP.29/AC.3/17);
2. Potential revision of the scope to address additional vehicle classes;
3. Requirements for material compatibility and hydrogen embrittlement;
4. Requirements for the fueling receptacle;
5. Evaluation of performance-based test for long-term stress rupture proposed in Phase 1 (including assessment of a procedure to evaluate the risk of long-term stress rupture of storage containers made from composite fiber reinforced polymers);
6. Consideration of research results reported after completion of Phase 1 – specifically research related to electrical safety, hydrogen storage systems, and post-crash safety;
7. Consideration of 200 per cent Nominal Working Pressure (NWP) or lower as the minimum burst requirement; and
8. Consider Safety guard system for the case of isolation resistance breakdown.

Working draft of the CRS informal group as of 15 February 2017.

Revision 3 of the 1958 Agreement allows for a Unique Identifier (UI) under the DETA system as an alternative to the current approval mark. In the case of child restraint systems, the approval mark contains important information for users. Therefore, this proposal would prohibit replacement of the approval mark by the UI.

Proposal to enable approval testing under UN R137 as an alternative to UN R12 in order to avoid redundant testing requirements. The proposal adds references to the steering gear provisions of UN R137 (full width frontal impact) as a compliance alternative in parallel to the current references similarly allowing compliance via provisions in UN R94 (offset deformable barrier frontal impact). Please note that this proposal is based upon document GRSP-60-06/Rev.1. The reference to GRSP-60-07 is incorrect.

Proposal to transfer all ISOFIX requirements from UN R14 into a new UN Regulation. Within the context of the international whole vehicle type approval program, the removal of these CRS anchorage provisions would align UN R14 with its Australian Design Rule counterpart and enable Australia to apply the revised UN R14 narrowed down to adult seat-belt anchorages only.

For the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval, a UN Regulation is split in two regulations, UN Regulation No. 14-08 series of amendments including only adult safety belt anchorages and a new regulation UN Regulation No. [XX] will include all requirements for child restraint anchorages. Accordingly, this proposal would update the references to UN Regulation No. 14 in UN Regulation No. 16 in order to recognize child restraint system anchorages installed on the vehicle and approved under the new regulation.

Proposal to clarify the requirements for CRS utilizing the seat belt lap strap in order to ensure correct installation and testing and to avoid possibly dangerous misinterpretation to the test configuration.

Proposal to modify document GRSP/2014/15 presenting Amendment 2 to GTR No. 9. Amendment 2 would introduce the flexible pedestrian legform impactor (FlexPLI) as a single harmonized test tool. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has expressed concern whether the injury assessment reference values (IARV) proposed in Amendment 2 will be able to meet the needs for injury mitigation in the United States of America. In order to allow the amendment to move forward, the United States proposes to accept the IARV while noting in the statement of technical rationale and justification its continuing research into the IARVs and the possibility of a future proposal to amend the values should this prove warranted.

Proposal to

1. align the regulation with legislation of the European Union, United States of America, and Japan,
2. clarify the test procedure, including ambient temperature provisions,
3. reduce unnecessary time and cost demands of the COP test procedures,
4. apply the minimum burst pressure BP_min as the pressure limit in the hydrostatic pressure rupture test for COP batch testing, and
5. delete the phrase “and in no case less than the value necessary to meet the stress ratio requirements” erroneously introduced into paragraph 9.3.2.1.

Proposal to amend UN R44 in line with the proposal to amend UN R14 in order to separate child restraint provisions (including ISOFIX anchorage provisions) into a new UN Regulation. The ISOFIX amendment to UN R14 has been introduced to facilitate the establishment of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA) regulation by limiting the scope of UN R14 to adult safety belts.

Proposal to amend UN R129 in line with the proposal to amend UN R14 (document GRSP/2017/8) in order to separate child restraint provisions (including ISOFIX anchorage provisions) into a new UN Regulation. The ISOFIX amendment to UN R14 has been introduced to facilitate the establishment of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA) regulation by limiting the scope of UN R14 to adult safety belts.

Proposal to clarify the testing of seats with and without head restraints. This proposal would allow alternatives at the request of the manufacturer by clarifying that under testing of a bench seat with three seating positions and two head restraints, a moment of 3 × 373Nm shall be applied to the back of seats and of 2 × 373Nm to the head restraints:
(a) If the manufacturer wants to comply with the test requirements of paragraph 6.2. (strength of the seat-back), by the test of head restraint performance of paragraph 6.4., they choose to apply 53 daNm to each seat back without head restraint and 89 daN to each head restraint. In this case only one test shall be performed.
(b) If the manufacturer chooses not to apply 53 daNm, during the test of paragraph 6.4., the seat back strength test of paragraph 6.2. has to be performed in addition to the test of paragraph 6.4.

Proposal to add the Q0 infant test dummy to the UN R44 procedures in response to problems encountered in acquiring the currently specified P0 dummy.

Proposal to consolidate provisions concerning ISOFIX anchorages systems, ISOFIX top tether anchorages and i-Size seating positions removed from Regulation No. 14 in a new regulation. This change removes obstacles to the inclusion of UN R14 into Annex 4 of the future UN Regulation No. 0 of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA).

Proposal of amendments developed by the CRS informal working group to enable the type approval of integral and non-integral Enhanced Child Restraint Systems equipped with an impact shield.

Proposal of amendments developed by the CRS informal group to enable the type approval of integral and non-integral Enhanced Child Restraint Systems equipped with an impact shield.

1. The proposed amendment includes Enhanced Child Restraint Systems from the universal belted or specific to vehicle belted categories into the scope of UN Regulation No. 129. This represents Phase 3 of the UN Regulation.
2. The text includes all modifications proposed by GRSP up to and including its sixtieth session (13-16 December 2016) as well as those of the Informal Working Group on Child Restraint Systems up to and including its sixty-third session (Brussels, 25th January 2017).
3. This proposal refers to the original text of Regulation No. 129, including the following amendments:
   • Corrigendum 1,
   • Supplement 1,
   • Supplement 2,
   • Supplement 3,
   • Supplement 4,
   • the 01 series of amendments,
   • Supplement 1 to the 01 series of amendments,
   • the 02 series of amendments,
   • Supplement 1 to the 02 series of amendments (GRSP/2016/19 and 23 amended by GRSP-60-08-Rev.1),
   • Supplement 2 to the 01 series of amendments (GRSP/2016/22 amended by GRSP-60-09-Rev.2).

The Technical Services Group raises concerns over defining the stature range for non-integral child restraint systems:

1. Shoulder height will be a challenge to define due to interference with the headrest
2. Shoulder breadth in respect to side wings of the seat.

Updated proposal being developed by the Technical Services Group and the CRS informal group for submission to GRSP in 2017.

User feedback and misuse analysis.

In particular to account for CRS that can be used with more than one base.

Presentation concerning ISO vehicle propulsion energy identification standardization.

Proposal to clarify that only a three-point safety belt is permitted in the driver position.

Proposal to clarify that only three-point safety belts are permitted in the driver position.

Revised document based on the Korea proposal (DPPS-02-03) pursuant to discussions during the 2nd DPPS task force session.

Proposal of provisions that can be applied within GTR No. 9 based upon the text developed for Revision 3 of the 1958 Agreement (Schedule 8) on the validation of a simulation method.

EUROPEAN EXPERIMENTAL VEHICLES COMMITTEE: WORKING GROUP 10 ON PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION (1991). Development of a Head Impact Test Procedure for Pedestrian Protection. Proceedings of the Thirteenth ESV Conference, Paris, November 1991. (K. P. Glaeser)

Comments on the working draft developed during the first DPPS task force session (DPPS-01-05/Rev.1).

Proposal to consolidate provisions concerning ISOFIX top tether anchorages and i-Size seating positions removed from Regulation No. 14 in a new regulation. This change removes obstacles to the inclusion of UN R14 into Annex 4 of the future UN Regulation No. 0 of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA). This document revises the working document GRSP/2017/7.

Proposal as revised during the first DPPS task force session.

EVS informal working group updated version of the consolidated draft with latest amendments agreed within the group.

Latest amendments to the draft as agreed within the informal working group on Electric Vehicle Safety.

Proposal to correct the reference to paragraph 5.1.3. in paragraph 5.2.3.2. to read 5.2.3.

Proposal to align UN R14 with recent changes to UN R16 on occupant restraint systems. Two “Booster Seat” fixtures (ISO/B2 and ISO/B3) were added to UN R16 to coincide with the implementation of Phase 2 of UN R129 (enhanced child restraint systems). These fixtures were developed within ISO/TC 22/SC 36/WG 2 (Child Restraint Systems) and follow the principle already established in Regulations 16 and 129 to ensure child restraint to car compatibility. An additional “Reduced-Size Rearward Facing toddler CRS” fixture (ISO/R2x) was added to facilitate compatibility in small cars/seating positions. The ISO/B2 booster seat fixture was added in the i-Size concept. Lateral facing fixtures (ISO/L1 and ISO/L2) have been upgraded.

Proposal to clarify provisions concerning the second-level warning for seat-belt reminders, especially with regard to rear seat positions.

Improved explanations for the proposal to clarify the requirements for CRS utilizing the seat belt lap strap in order to ensure correct installation and testing and to avoid possibly dangerous misinterpretation to the test configuration.

Updated proposal from the CRS informal working group, superseding document GRSP/2017/15, to enable the type approval of integral and non-integral Enhanced Child Restraint Systems equipped with an impact shield.

Updated proposal from the CRS informal working group, superseding document GRSP/2017/16, to enable the type approval of integral and non-integral Enhanced Child Restraint Systems equipped with an impact shield.

Updated proposal from the CRS informal working group, superseding document GRSP/2017/17.

1. The proposed amendment includes Enhanced Child Restraint Systems from the universal belted or specific to vehicle belted categories into the scope of UN Regulation No. 129. This represents Phase 3 of the UN Regulation.
2. This proposal refers to the original text of Regulation No. 129, including the following amendments:
   • Corrigendum 1,
   • Supplement 1,
   • Supplement 2,
   • Supplement 3,
   • Supplement 4,
   • the 01 series of amendments,
   • Supplement 1 to the 01 series of amendments,
   • the 02 series of amendments,
   • Supplement 1 to the 02 series of amendments (GRSP/2016/19 and 23 amended by GRSP-60-08-Rev.1),
   • Supplement 2 to the 01 series of amendments (GRSP/2016/22 amended by GRSP-60-09-Rev.2).

Proposal to clarify the text of UN R14. The current text has produced differing interpretations among Technical Services with regard to which requirements apply to central seating positions in rear rows of category M₁ and N₁ vehicles and the minimum distance between two effective lower belt anchorages (L1 and L2). The proposed amendment clarifies that rear seat rows can only have one central seating position with a reduced minimum distance of 240 mm. Rear seat rows with an even number of seats shall always have a distance of at least 350 mm.

Proposal to clarify that seat belt components such as retractors shall not sustain damage during testing according to Annex 9 of UN R17. Presently, these components have occasionally been damaged during testing such that their functionality has been impaired. In order to ensure adequate occupant safety, this proposal would require all safety-belt components to be included in the test installation, clarifies that such damage is not acceptable, and requires post-test inspection.

Proposal to introduce installation specifications for securing a cab mounted on a vehicle to the test rig for tests B and C, as is currently provided for test A, under UN R29. This proposal aims to improve repeatability and reproducibility while allowing more flexibility in permitting the use of rigid composite blocks and/or (adjustable) metal brackets in securing the vehicle in the place of the wooden block presently prescribed in Figure 1.

Proposal to clarify the conditions where a door is deemed to be open under UN R95. Technical Services have interpreted the definition of “open” under paragraph 5.3.1. differently, resulting in divergent outcomes. The proposed definitions are taken from UN Regulation No. 135 Revision 1.

Presentation concerning plans to address the safety of low speed, low mass vehicles (L7 quadricycles, light electric vehicles).

Proposal to add new CRS fixtures and otherwise align UN R16 with changes introduced through UN R129 (enhanced child restraint systems). Two “Booster Seat” fixtures (ISO/B2 and ISO/B3) were added to UN R16 to coincide with the implementation of Phase 2 of UN R129. These fixtures were developed within ISO/TC 22/SC 36/WG 2 (Child Restraint Systems) and follow the principle already established in Regulations 16 and 129 to ensure child restraint to car compatibility. An additional “Reduced-Size Rearward Facing toddler CRS” fixture (ISO/R2x) was added to facilitate compatibility in small cars/seating positions. The ISO/B2 booster seat fixture was added in the i-Size concept. Lateral facing fixtures (ISO/L1 and ISO/L2) have been upgraded. The proposal also corrects figure 2 in Annex 1B to show the referenced zones A and B, to add the sentence “Non-rigid material of < 50 Shore A hardness may be removed in order to demonstrate that covered or padded rigid parts are not contacted by the head or the chest of the manikin during the test.” and makes editorial improvements.

Proposal to update the 07 series of amendments in line with UN R129 and changes to the 06 series (Supplements 8 and 9). Two “Booster Seat” fixtures (ISO/B2 and ISO/B3) were added to UN R16 to coincide with the implementation of Phase 2 of UN Regulation No. 129. These fixtures were developed within ISO/TC 22/SC 36/WG 2 (Child Restraint Systems) and follow the principle already established in Regulations 16 and 129 to ensure child restraint to car compatibility. An additional “Reduced-Size Rearward Facing toddler CRS” fixture (ISO/R2x) was added to facilitate compatibility in small cars/seating positions. The ISO/B2 booster seat fixture was added in the i-Size concept. Lateral facing fixtures (ISO/L1 and ISO/L2) have been upgraded. The proposal also corrects figure 2 in Annex 1B to show the referenced zones A and B, to add the sentence “Non-rigid material of < 50 Shore A hardness may be removed in order to demonstrate that covered or padded rigid parts are not contacted by the head or the chest of the manikin during the test.” and makes editorial improvements.

Proposal to update the module label, clarify the text, and make editorial corrections to the 01 series of amendments.

Proposal to align the provisions on toxicity and flammability of materials used to manufacture Child Restraint Systems (CRS) and to update test provisions of UN Regulation introduced by the Supplement 1 to the 01 series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 129. The proposal also clarifies requirements and improves the text of the 02 series of amendments, including strap positioning provisions and labeling requirements for detachable child seat impact shields.

Proposal to eliminate divergent interpretations of paragraph 6.4. with regard to the testing for head restraint performance of a bench seat with three seating positions and two head restraints. Under this condition, the proposal would require application of a moment of 3 × 373 Nm to the back of the seats and of 2 × 373 Nm to the head restraints. The manufacturer may request to apply 53 daNm to each seat back without head restraint and 89 daNm to each head restraint in order to comply with the requirements of paragraph 6.2. on the strength of the seat back during this test. If the manufacturer does not opt to apply these forces, then the test procedure specified in paragraph 6.2. must be carried out in addition to the head restraint testing under paragraph 6.4.

In order to facilitate the establishment of an International Whole Vehicle Type Approval, provisions concerning requirements for child restraint systems are being extracted from UN R14 into a new regulation. Therefore, this proposal would update the references to UN R14 in UN R129 to enable recognition of anchorage approvals under the adult safety belt regulation (UN R14 as amended) and the new child restraint anchorage regulation.

Presentation of the phase 1, phase 2, and phase 3 amendments to UN R129 on child restraint systems. The presentation corresponds respectively to documents GRSP/2017/15 (superseded by GRSP-61-15), GRSP/2017/16 (superseded by GRSP-61-16), and GRSP/2017/17 (superseded by GRSP-61-17).

Proposal to harmonize airbag warning labels regarding the correct use of a child restraint system in a seating position equipped with an activated frontal airbag in order to prohibit the display of additional information unrelated to child safety.

Notice on Netherland’s sponsored research into head protection for pedal-electric bicycle riders and subsequent technical agreement on helmet testing.

Review of the Regional Workshop on Motorcycle Safety held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 7 April 2017. The workshop participants included 55 government officials and civil society representatives from 13 countries in the South and South-East Asia region, where 34 per cent of road deaths involve powered two-wheelers.

Presentation on the concerns addressed by the proposal to clarify the correct use of the seat-belt strap in the installation of a CRS in order to ensure proper testing for approvals (document GRSP/2017/13).

CLEPA response to the presentation on the phase 1, 2, and 3 amendments to UN R126 (document GRSP-61-28) regarding the proposals for amendments to the 01 and 02 series of amendments and for the 03 series of amendments. CLEPA expresses concern that certain restrictions and requirements have been proposed without adequate research and discussion, often related to concerns raised under UN R44, that would imposed unwarranted burdens on manufacturers.

Proposal to define the term “Base” in child restraint modular systems, an approval label for a Universal Belted base, and an approval label for a Specific Vehicle belted base.

Proposal to address non-integral CRS shield systems and booster cushions remaining under the phase 2 development of UN R129.

Clarification proposals for ISO B2 fixture to:

1. Solve interference between cushion & seatback parts
2. Facilitate the path seatbelt path in the cushion part
3. No need to define the centre of gravity for the ISO B2.

Proposal to delete the term “ISOFIX” in reference to the use of an anti-rotation device in order to enable the use of the device on all classes of specific vehicle ECRS.

Proposal for a method to assess the external dimensions of a child restraint system.

Proposal to amend GTR 1 in order to align the specifications for side doors with rear mounted hinges with the corresponding provisions of UN Regulation No. 11.

Draft text as approved by GRSP for anticipated adoption during the November 2017 WP.29 session.

CRS informal group discussion document on principles to guide decisions on the authorization of child restraint systems for public use.

Revision 3 of document GRSP-61-17.

Child restraint fixture fitment proposal for the 03 series of amendments (Phase 3) of Regulation No. 129 in order to introduce a repeatable and reproducible procedure to assess the external dimensions of a child restraint system.

Proposal for an improved drawing to replace the current “Figure 3: Door panel approximate maximum intrusion – Side view”.

Proposal to enable approval testing under UN R137 as an alternative to UN R12 in order to avoid redundant testing requirements. The proposal adds references to the steering gear provisions of UN R137 (full width frontal impact) as a compliance alternative in parallel to the current references similarly allowing compliance via provisions in UN R94 (offset deformable barrier frontal impact).

For the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval, a UN Regulation is split in two regulations, UN Regulation No. 14-08 series of amendments including only adult safety belt anchorages and a new regulation UN Regulation No. [XX] will include all requirements for child restraint anchorages. Accordingly, this proposal would update the references to UN Regulation No. 14 in UN Regulation No. 16 in order to recognize child restraint system anchorages installed on the vehicle and approved under the new regulation.

Proposal to correct the reference to paragraph 5.1.3. in paragraph 5.2.3.2. to read 5.2.3.

Proposal to clarify the testing of seats with and without head restraints. This proposal would allow alternatives at the request of the manufacturer by clarifying that under testing of a bench seat with three seating positions and two head restraints, a moment of 3 × 373Nm shall be applied to the back of seats and of 2 × 373Nm to the head restraints:

1. If the manufacturer wants to comply with the test requirements of paragraph 6.2. (strength of the seat-back), by the test of head restraint performance of paragraph 6.4., they choose to apply 53 daNm to each seat back without head restraint and 89 daN to each head restraint. In this case only one test shall be performed.
2. If the manufacturer chooses not to apply 53 daNm, during the test of paragraph 6.4., the seat back strength test of paragraph 6.2. has to be performed in addition to the test of paragraph 6.4.

Proposal to amend UN R44 in line with the proposal to amend UN R14 in order to separate child restraint provisions (including ISOFIX anchorage provisions) into a new UN Regulation. The ISOFIX amendment to UN R14 has been introduced to facilitate the establishment of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA) regulation by limiting the scope of UN R14 to adult safety belts.

In order to facilitate the establishment of an International Whole Vehicle Type Approval, provisions concerning requirements for child restraint systems are being extracted from UN R14 into a new regulation. Therefore, this proposal would update the references to UN R14 in UN R129 to enable recognition of anchorage approvals under the adult safety belt regulation (UN R14 as amended) and the new child restraint anchorage regulation.

Proposal to amend UN R129 in line with the proposal to amend UN R14 (document GRSP/2017/8) in order to separate child restraint provisions (including ISOFIX anchorage provisions) into a new UN Regulation. The ISOFIX amendment to UN R14 has been introduced to facilitate the establishment of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA) regulation by limiting the scope of UN R14 to adult safety belts.

The proposal also incorporates amendments developed by the CRS informal working group to enable the type approval of integral and non-integral Enhanced Child Restraint Systems equipped with an impact shield.

Lastly, the proposal would introduce a provision prohibiting the use of the Unique Identifier allowed under the Revision 3 of the 1958 Agreement as an alternative to the current approval mark. In the case of child restraint systems, the approval mark contains important information for users.

Proposal to amend UN R129 in line with the proposal to amend UN R14 (document GRSP/2017/8) in order to separate child restraint provisions (including ISOFIX anchorage provisions) into a new UN Regulation. The ISOFIX amendment to UN R14 has been introduced to facilitate the establishment of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA) regulation by limiting the scope of UN R14 to adult safety belts.

The proposal also incorporates amendments developed by the CRS informal group to enable the type approval of integral and non-integral Enhanced Child Restraint Systems equipped with an impact shield.

Lastly, the proposal introduces a provision to prohibit use of the Unique Identifier allowed under Revision 3 of the 1958 Agreement as an alternative to the current approval mark. In the case of child restraint systems, the approval mark contains important information for users.

Proposal to

1. align the regulation with legislation of the European Union, United States of America, and Japan,
2. clarify the test procedure, including ambient temperature provisions,
3. reduce unnecessary time and cost demands of the COP test procedures,
4. apply the minimum burst pressure BP_min as the pressure limit in the hydrostatic pressure rupture test for COP batch testing, and
5. delete the phrase “and in no case less than the value necessary to meet the stress ratio requirements” erroneously introduced into paragraph 9.3.2.1.

Proposal to transfer all ISOFIX requirements from UN R14 into a new UN Regulation. Within the context of the international whole vehicle type approval program, the removal of these CRS anchorage provisions would align UN R14 with its Australian Design Rule counterpart and enable Australia to apply the revised UN R14 narrowed down to adult seat-belt anchorages only.

Proposal to consolidate provisions concerning ISOFIX anchorages systems, ISOFIX top tether anchorages and i-Size seating positions removed from Regulation No. 14 in a new regulation. This change removes obstacles to the inclusion of UN R14 into Annex 4 of the future UN Regulation No. 0 of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA).

Proposal for a new GTR on in-use and post-crash safety of electric vehicles and rechargeable electric energy storage systems (REESS).

Proposal for the second phase development of the GTR on electric vehicle safety, including

1. Water immersion test
2. Long duration fire resistance test;
3. Rechargeable Electrical Energy Storage System (REESS) rotation tests
4. REESS vibration profile
5. Flammability, toxicity and corrosiveness of vented gas (i.e. quantification of venting for tests addressing safety of REESS post-crash, potential risk of “toxic gases” from non-aqueous electrolyte)
6. Thermal propagation and methods of initiation in battery system
7. Post-crash REESS safety assessment and stabilization procedures
8. Light electric vehicles (e.g. categories L6 and L7, low speed vehicles)
9. Protection during Alternating Current and Direct Current charging and feeding process
10. Overcurrent requirements plus tests (component based).

With each development phase (series of amendments), UN R129 has expanded its scope in terms of child restraint applications (e.g., i-Size, specific vehicle ISOFIX, i-Size booster seat, specific vehicle booster seat, etc.). Paragraph 3.2.2. requires the applicant for type approval to declare the intended application or combination of applications. CLEPA proposes new language to specify the various possible combinations and related requirements in order to maintain consistency between phases 1 and 2 and phase 3.

Comparison of UN R44-approved child seats.