104. The expert from France introduced GRVA-11-23, providing an overview of the French Decree on automated vehicles’ conditions of use and automated road transport systems’ commissioning. He explained that the decree covered automation levels up to fully automated systems, provided that there are under supervision of a person in charge of remote intervention and are deployed on predefined paths or zones. He continued that the decree contained definitions such as the one for Automated Road Transport System (ARTS) and general safety provisions for these systems, as well as requirements for the driver or the person in charge of remote intervention and specify responsibility principles (including criminal liability) as set in ordinance 2021-443 dated 14 April 2021. The presentation received clarification questions from Japan about the scope of ARTS, including the system only or the system and the human, and about the handling of emergency vehicles.