China’s activities on vulnerable road user (VRU) applications include four protection scenarios: roadside infrastructure detection via direct communication; vehicle-based detection via sensor sharing; VRU-equipped V2X device direct communication; and cellular communication via cloud server. China developed national standards GB/T 44286.1-2024 and GB/T 44286.2-2024 specifying collision warning scenarios, and ITU SG21 requirements for VRU service using vehicle gateway. Demonstrations tested pedestrian and electric bicycle protection across Shanghai, Deqing, and Beijing. Key implementation challenges include sensor perception accuracy, direct communication device installation barriers and low penetration, and cloud construction responsibility allocation for cellular communication solutions.

Presentation on technology and application validation of VRU protection services across three parts. Part 1 validates functional and process validation; Part 2 tests performance under low-density scenarios; Part 3 tests performance under high-density scenarios with three sub-scenarios: sensing multi-VRUs, multi-services concurrency, and multi-VRUs transmitting PSMs concurrently. Validation encompasses three communication approaches: vehicle-to-vehicle, infrastructure-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-pedestrian, assessing protocol conformance, communication performance, sensing performance, and service logic triggering mechanisms.