Guiding principles behind the establishment of UNECE regulations.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres: background document explaining interest in electronic stability controls, tire pressure monitoring systems, and tire low rolling resistance.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

The report was accepted without comments.

TPMS Motivations; Principles of tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS); Impact Factors for Direct TPMS; Impact Factors for Indirect TPMS; CO2 and TPMS; Effect on other regulations

An agenda could not be distributed before the meeting but the chairman had prepared a draft in document TPMS-01-07. OICA had sent draft terms of reference (doc. TPM-01-08) which were used as a basis for the discussion.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

OICA proposal on terms of reference for the TPM informal group.

An agenda could not be distributed before the meeting but the chairman had prepared a draft in document TPMS-01-07. OICA had sent draft terms of reference (doc. TPM-01-08) which were used as a basis for the discussion.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

TBW, a TPMS alternative, CO2 reduction by correct and constant tyre pressure as a first step, proposal for justification.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

ETRTO presentation on run-flat tires and run-flat warning systems in relation to UNECE R64.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

Presentation providing background and justifications for global TPMS regulation.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

Draft guidelines for the scope and mandate of the informal working group on tire pressure monitoring systems, based upon an original proposal prepared by OICA.

The following documents were presented and explained during the meeting. Only the most important comments are reported below.

Principles of ECE-Regulation (Japan)
The principles of this document were explained by Mr. Ishihara. They seem to be acceptable to the group.

Public consultation on outline proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on Advanced Safety Features and Tyres (CLEPA). The document was distributed without detailed discussion.

Time Based Warning (TBW) – For constant Tyre Pressure and CO2 reduction (BMW). Mr. Hein (BMW) introduced this proposal as a short term solution without jeopardizing middle or long term solutions.

UNECE R64: RFT & RFWS Tyre Industry Position (ETRTO) Low pressure warning of run-flat-tyres is of great concern for the tyre industry with regard to product liability (2001/95/EC). Warning thresholds need deliberate discussion.

Notes for UNECE Informal GRRF Ad-Hoc TPMS WG Meeting in Bonn on Nov. 28&29, 2007 (CLEPA). Experts from Schrader Electronics and Siemens VDO presented a first draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. This draft is based on data from USA.

Under-inflation measurements, types, standards & rules (ISO) This document shows that depending on the TPMS technical principles, under-inflation can be detected more or less easily.

Informal document No.GRRF-62-17
The presentation which was presented during the 62nd GRRF session was shown again in order to update all delegates.

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRRF – Setting up an informal group on TPMS /Terms of Reference OICA
OICA had drafted terms of reference which were discussed in detail. The group agreed on some amendments to make the text clearer and the operation principles more practicable. The amended version (Terms of reference 1.0, Status 29.11.2007) is available as document TPM-01-09. It was added that international standardisation activities shall be taken into consideration. Several questions were raised which will be matters for discussion at the next meetings. The group confirmed that in principle TPMS – requirements should be defined for all categories of vehicles but it must be sorted out if this can be done in one stage or in several stages. The situation for heavy trucks and trailers is certainly quite different from that for passenger cars.

Some experts felt that this group should develop a more.sophisticated solution from the beginning. The German government, however, is convinced that TBW is a simple solution which could be realized by the vehicle manufacturers without great problems and thus improve the situation on the road very quickly, while giving this group the opportunity to develop a more sophisticated and well balanced cost-effective solution without time pressure. The German government will therefore prepare an informal document for the next GRRF meeting to introduce TBW as a short term solution.

As defined in the terms of reference the first task will be to identify the potential for improvement of road safety and fuel efficiency. In the opinion of some experts, besides safety, fuel efficiency or environmental protection has the highest priority.

In order to identify the potential for improvement it is necessary to know the present situation on the road, that means figures and data about the number of vehicles which are driven with under-inflated tyres, the number of under-inflated tyres on each vehicle and the degree of under-inflation.

It was decided to establish a task force for the the collection of such data. Mr. Wim Verhoeve from CLEPA (w.verhoeve@clepa.be) agreed to be chairman of the task force. Members will be experts from OICA, CLEPA, ETRTO and governments, Japan will be included by e-mail contact.

The task force should have its first meeting at the beginning of 2008, in any case before the next meeting of this group in order to be able to present first results for the next meeting.

Summary of the report and pursuant discussion of the progress of the informal group on tire pressure monitoring systems.

A report of the secretary about the discussion of TPMS during the 63rd GRRF meeting is available on the GRRF website as document TPM-01-11. OICA reported that the time pressure from the GRRF chairman to receive a final draft regulation on TPMS has been reduced.

The delegate from NL asked to discuss also the amendment of ECE-Regulation 64 with regard to TPMS. The group accepted this request, but decided to put this item at the end of the agenda.

The secretary reported that activities about TPMS-requirements in China have been brought to his attention and asked the group how these activities should be dealt with. He asked if China should be invited to participate in this group. The group saw little chances for such a participation but agreed that as a first step China will be invited to participate in the relevant ISO-groups for TPMS.

The report was approved without comments.

German informal document GRRF-63-23 proposing a new regulation on “uniform provisions concerning the approval of time-based tyre pressure loss reminder systems (TBW) and tyre-pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) and tyre leak alerting systems for motor vehicles”.

Mr. Hesse reported that inf. doc. GRRF-63-23 was produced under time pressure and there is certainly room for improvement. The document is based on the following philosophy: There are two main aspects related to tyre pressure, the environmental aspect (fuel consumption/CO2-emission) and the safety aspect (tyre failure due to low pressure). The environmental aspect could be covered by TBW, a systems which reminds the driver to check his tyre pressure after a certain period and to refill the air which is lost due to natural diffusion. The safety aspect could be covered by a TPMS which warns the driver if the tyre pressure has decreased considerably, e.g. by a tyre defect. Details about the performance of TPMS still need to be discussed. Germany could accept low cost indirect systems when they are in addition to a reminder system like TBW.

OICA agreed with this philosophy and presented a diagram which showes that TBW could even lead to less under-inflation than TPMS because TPMS needs bigger warning thresholds in order to avoid false alarms which could have the consequence that the driver disregards the warning completely. In any case the reminder intervals of TBW must be chosen carefully.

Too short intervals could have the same consequence as false warnings of TPMS, they could be disregarded by the driver. OICA will look into this this question more deeply and will try to answer the question if TBW could be improved by taking into accout further parameters like driven distances or temperatures.

Some delegates could not follow this philosophy because they fear that the driver does not regard the signal of a TBW.

Japan proposed to introduce TBW in combination with a TPMS, which is based on US FMVSS 138. The discussion about this item could not be finished during this meeting. In order to make progress it was decided to continue the discussion in a new task force group which will be chaired by OICA. The first meeting of this group will take place on 1st April 2008 in Paris, starting at 11.00 h. OICA will sent the invitation for this meeting to all members of this group.

The task force under the chairmanship of Mr. Wim Verhoeve (CLEPA) had successfully collected tyre pressure data measured on passenger cars by various organisations in various countries (NL, F, GB, J, EU). The collected data and the calculation of the changes in rolling resistance, fuel consumption and tyre wear (which had been prepared during two meetings of the task force) have been distributed and explained by a CLEPA-member (see doc. TPM-02-02). The group thanked CLEPA and the other members of the task force group for their good job which will allow as a next step the drafting of cost/benefit analysis for different TPMS.

There was some criticism of the data, because the determination of under- or over-inflation was made in different ways (comparison of the real pressure values with the lowest or highest values of the recommended pressure [loaded or unloaded], temperature compensation). The CLEPA paper shows that an exact calculation of the potential for improvement is not possible because the results are influenced by the driver’s behaviour (distance and speed with under-inflated tyres, reaction on the tyre pressure warning signal). Nevertheless, within a certain range, the calculation can figure out the increase in fuel consumption and tyre wear caused by under-inflation.

OICA will try to get some more information about the increase in fuel consumption depending on the availability of TPMS by comparing the tyre pressures on vehicles with and without TPMS.

As a next step the calculated increase in fuel consumption and tyre wear will be used to establish cost/benefit analysis for various TPMS. Mr. Hesse offered the conduction of this analysis by BASt (Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen), a scientific organisation which belongs to the German Department of Transport and which has a great experience with cost/benefit analysis.

Several delegates, however, were of the opinion the analysis should be made by the task force group which had collected the tyre pressure data because the members of this group now know a lot about the data and can contribute to the cost/benefit-analysis.

It was agreed, that the analysis will be made by the task force group and BASt will join the group and contribute with its specific knowledge.

Three additional items were put on the agenda:

• Presentation of NL – Explanation of data selection
• Presentation of Cost/Benefit Analysis by Schrader (TPM-03-03)
• NL proposal to amend ECE R 64 (TPM-03-05)

The amended version of the agenda was distributed as document TPM-03-01_rev.1.

The chairman declared that in future only such documents will be accepted for consideration which are presented by a government or an association (OICA, ETRTO, CLEPA). Documents from individual persons or companies will not be considered.

Three additional items were put on the agenda:

• Presentation of NL – Explanation of data selection
• Presentation of Cost/Benefit Analysis by Schrader (TPM-03-03)
• NL proposal to amend ECE R 64 (TPM-03-05)

The amended version of the agenda was distributed as document TPM-03-01_rev.1.

The chairman declared that in future only such documents will be accepted for consideration which are presented by a government or an association (OICA, ETRTO, CLEPA). Documents from individual persons or companies will not be considered.

Further measurements of real tyre pressures on passenger cars in use have taken place in the Netherlands between October 2007 and April 2008. The Dutch delegate gave some explanations about these measurements which were conducted mainly by students on the car parks of companies and shopping centers. The owners of the cars were asked if they agree with the measurements and got a refill of their tyres with nitrogen to the inflation pressure recommended by the manufacturer after the measurement. Some more information about the measuremants can be found in doc. TPM-03-06.

The recorded pressure data were sent together with the VIN numbers of the vehicles to OICA and the task force “data collection” for further analysis, also to find out which of the vehicles were equipped with TPMS.

Between February 12, 2008 and June 9, 2008 the task force “Data Collection and Cost/Benefit Analysis” under the chairmanship of Mr.Vim Verhove (CLEPA) had 7 meetings to collect tyre pressure data of vehicles in use in various countries including the data from NL mentioned above, to analyse and to compare these data, to develop a calculation method for the increase in fuel consumption/CO2-emission due to underinflation, to consider the effect of under-inflation on tyre wear and road safety, to find the causes of underinflation and to determine the cost for TPMS.

The latest version of the task force conclusions was distributed as doc. TPM-03-02_rev.1. Mr. Verhoeve reported that the task force had difficulties to determin the cost for TPMS. OICA had tabled some figures but they have not yet been discussed in the group. When discussing the results some experts tried to point out advantages and disadvantages of specific TPMS designs. The chairman stopped this discussion because it is not the task of this group to draft requirements for specific designs of TPMS but to define minimum requirements which will reduce the number of vehicles which are driven with under-inflated tyres.

Further measurements of real tyre pressures on passenger cars in use have taken place in the Netherlands between October 2007 and April 2008. The Dutch delegate gave some explanations about these measurements which were conducted mainly by students on the car parks of companies and shopping centers. The owners of the cars were asked if they agree with the measurements and got a refill of their tyres with nitrogen to the inflation pressure recommended by the manufacturer after the measurement. Some more information about the measuremants can be found in doc. TPM-03-06.

The recorded pressure data were sent together with the VIN numbers of the vehicles to OICA and the task force “data collection” for further analysis, also to find out which of the vehicles were equipped with TPMS.

Between February 12, 2008 and June 9, 2008 the task force “Data Collection and Cost/Benefit Analysis” under the chairmanship of Mr.Vim Verhove (CLEPA) had 7 meetings to collect tyre pressure data of vehicles in use in various countries including the data from NL mentioned above, to analyse and to compare these data, to develop a calculation method for the increase in fuel consumption/CO2-emission due to underinflation, to consider the effect of under-inflation on tyre wear and road safety, to find the causes of underinflation and to determine the cost for TPMS.

The latest version of the task force conclusions was distributed as doc. TPM-03-02_rev.1. Mr. Verhoeve reported that the task force had difficulties to determin the cost for TPMS. OICA had tabled some figures but they have not yet been discussed in the group. When discussing the results some experts tried to point out advantages and disadvantages of specific TPMS designs. The chairman stopped this discussion because it is not the task of this group to draft requirements for specific designs of TPMS but to define minimum requirements which will reduce the number of vehicles which are driven with under-inflated tyres.

A representative from Schrader presented a draft for a cost/benefit-analysis of TPMS. The draft was supported by further companies (Conti VDO, Knorr-Bremse, Beru, Entire Solutions LLC) but it is not a CLEPA or an ETRTO paper. The calculations in the draft which are based on a direct system show a very positive benefit/cost-relation even if the lower end of the range is taken for comparison. Besides fuel/CO2 saving and accident avoidance the TPMS can contribute a lot to tyre cost reduction because tyre wear increases considerably on under-inflated tyres.

There was agreement that the draft could be refined by taking into account further aspects like changing from summer to winter tyres or replacement/disposal of sensors and sealings.

However, it is obvious that the EU commission wants to use the potential for CO2-reduction which is given by TPMS and therefore further refinement of the cost/benefit calculation does not seem to be necessary.

Further measurements of real tyre pressures on passenger cars in use have taken place in the Netherlands between October 2007 and April 2008. The Dutch delegate gave some explanations about these measurements which were conducted mainly by students on the car parks of companies and shopping centers. The owners of the cars were asked if they agree with the measurements and got a refill of their tyres with nitrogen to the inflation pressure recommended by the manufacturer after the measurement. Some more information about the measuremants can be found in doc. TPM-03-06.

The recorded pressure data were sent together with the VIN numbers of the vehicles to OICA and the task force “data collection” for further analysis, also to find out which of the vehicles were equipped with TPMS.

Between February 12, 2008 and June 9, 2008 the task force “Data Collection and Cost/Benefit Analysis” under the chairmanship of Mr.Vim Verhove (CLEPA) had 7 meetings to collect tyre pressure data of vehicles in use in various countries including the data from NL mentioned above, to analyse and to compare these data, to develop a calculation method for the increase in fuel consumption/CO2-emission due to underinflation, to consider the effect of under-inflation on tyre wear and road safety, to find the causes of underinflation and to determine the cost for TPMS.

The latest version of the task force conclusions was distributed as doc. TPM-03-02_rev.1. Mr. Verhoeve reported that the task force had difficulties to determin the cost for TPMS. OICA had tabled some figures but they have not yet been discussed in the group. When discussing the results some experts tried to point out advantages and disadvantages of specific TPMS designs. The chairman stopped this discussion because it is not the task of this group to draft requirements for specific designs of TPMS but to define minimum requirements which will reduce the number of vehicles which are driven with under-inflated tyres.

OICA presented an investigation about the influence of various tolerances on the accuracy of TPMS warning thresholds. (TPM-03-07) The main factors which influence the tyre pressure are:

• ambient temperature change (daily, weekly, monthly)
• tyre warming up by driving
• pressure gauge accuracy at filling stations
• TPMS sensor accuracy
• natural pressure loss by permeation

All these tolerances must be taken into account when setting the warning thresholds. OICA deems a pressure drop threshold of at least 25% necessary to avoid false alarms. Experience in the USA shows that there are many customer complaints if the warning threshold is too narrow. Pressure gauge accuracy at filling stations is an important item which cannot be influenced by a regulation for TPMS. The governments and the EU-Commission should find a way to guarantee minimum accuracy of these devices in all countries.

OICA presented its informal paper “TPMS OICA position” (Doc. TPM-03-08). The main items of this informal paper are:

• Comparison of direct and indirect TPMS
• Proposal for a revised test procedure (pressure drop related to pwarm instead of Prec. cold)
• Introduction of TPRS (Tyre Pressure Reminder System)
• CO2 benefits of TPRS
• Proposal for 2 different routes
  – Route A: TPMS for CO2 and safety
  – Route B: TPRS for CO2 and TPMS for safety
• Open issues

ETRTO explained that from their point of view CO2 and safety could not be separated completely because driving with an under-inflated tyre for a longer period (CO2) also affects the durability of a tyre which means safety. The government representatives from D and J declared that they can agree in principal with the OICA position, NL and UK were not satisfied with TPRS, also the representative of the EU-Commission had doubts about the efficiency of TPRS. There was general agreement that no specific design of TPMS should be required and each manufacturer could choose his own way to achieve the target of CO2 reduction and better road safety. The representative of the EU-Commission informed the group that a European Safety Directive will be published which also includes TPMS. There could be a reference to an ECE-Regulation on TPMS, if this appears satisfying but an own European Directive on TPMS would also be possible.

OICA presented an investigation about the influence of various tolerances on the accuracy of TPMS warning thresholds. (TPM-03-07) The main factors which influence the tyre pressure are:

• ambient temperature change (daily, weekly, monthly)
• tyre warming up by driving
• pressure gauge accuracy at filling stations
• TPMS sensor accuracy
• natural pressure loss by permeation

All these tolerances must be taken into account when setting the warning thresholds. OICA deems a pressure drop threshold of at least 25% necessary to avoid false alarms. Experience in the USA shows that there are many customer complaints if the warning threshold is too narrow. Pressure gauge accuracy at filling stations is an important item which cannot be influenced by a regulation for TPMS. The governments and the EU-Commission should find a way to guarantee minimum accuracy of these devices in all countries.

OICA presented its informal paper “TPMS OICA position” (Doc. TPM-03-08). The main items of this informal paper are:

• Comparison of direct and indirect TPMS
• Proposal for a revised test procedure (pressure drop related to pwarm instead of Prec. cold)
• Introduction of TPRS (Tyre Pressure Reminder System)
• CO2 benefits of TPRS
• Proposal for 2 different routes
  – Route A: TPMS for CO2 and safety
  – Route B: TPRS for CO2 and TPMS for safety
• Open issues

ETRTO explained that from their point of view CO2 and safety could not be separated completely because driving with an under-inflated tyre for a longer period (CO2) also affects the durability of a tyre which means safety. The government representatives from D and J declared that they can agree in principal with the OICA position, NL and UK were not satisfied with TPRS, also the representative of the EU-Commission had doubts about the efficiency of TPRS. There was general agreement that no specific design of TPMS should be required and each manufacturer could choose his own way to achieve the target of CO2 reduction and better road safety. The representative of the EU-Commission informed the group that a European Safety Directive will be published which also includes TPMS. There could be a reference to an ECE-Regulation on TPMS, if this appears satisfying but an own European Directive on TPMS would also be possible.

OICA presented an investigation about the influence of various tolerances on the accuracy of TPMS warning thresholds. (TPM-03-07) The main factors which influence the tyre pressure are:

• ambient temperature change (daily, weekly, monthly)
• tyre warming up by driving
• pressure gauge accuracy at filling stations
• TPMS sensor accuracy
• natural pressure loss by permeation

All these tolerances must be taken into account when setting the warning thresholds. OICA deems a pressure drop threshold of at least 25% necessary to avoid false alarms. Experience in the USA shows that there are many customer complaints if the warning threshold is too narrow. Pressure gauge accuracy at filling stations is an important item which cannot be influenced by a regulation for TPMS. The governments and the EU-Commission should find a way to guarantee minimum accuracy of these devices in all countries.

OICA presented its informal paper “TPMS OICA position” (Doc. TPM-03-08). The main items of this informal paper are:

• Comparison of direct and indirect TPMS
• Proposal for a revised test procedure (pressure drop related to pwarm instead of Prec. cold)
• Introduction of TPRS (Tyre Pressure Reminder System)
• CO2 benefits of TPRS
• Proposal for 2 different routes
  – Route A: TPMS for CO2 and safety
  – Route B: TPRS for CO2 and TPMS for safety
• Open issues

ETRTO explained that from their point of view CO2 and safety could not be separated completely because driving with an under-inflated tyre for a longer period (CO2) also affects the durability of a tyre which means safety. The government representatives from D and J declared that they can agree in principal with the OICA position, NL and UK were not satisfied with TPRS, also the representative of the EU-Commission had doubts about the efficiency of TPRS. There was general agreement that no specific design of TPMS should be required and each manufacturer could choose his own way to achieve the target of CO2 reduction and better road safety. The representative of the EU-Commission informed the group that a European Safety Directive will be published which also includes TPMS. There could be a reference to an ECE-Regulation on TPMS, if this appears satisfying but an own European Directive on TPMS would also be possible.

GRRF expects a draft proposal for a TPMS regulation at its next meeting in February 2009. The deadline for sending a text to Geneva which shall become an official document at this meeting is Friday, 14. November 2008. Therefore the discussion of the draft proposal (doc. TPM-03-09_rev1) was considered as the item with highest priority.

The group started the discussion of doc. TPM-03-09_rev1 point by point in order to produce a text which can be distributed as an official document for the next GRRF meeting in February 2009. The discussion showed, however, that it is not possible to reach agreement on all items amongst all members of the group during this meeting. The items where no agreement was possible will be put in square brackets and left open for decision by GRRF. The chairman will produce a new revision of the draft regulation in accordance with the results of this meeting which will be submitted to Geneva by the German Government before November 14, 2008. (see doc. TPM-04-02).

A short report about the most important discussion items and their results is given below:

Scope
There was agreement that as a first step the regulation should only be applied to light vehicles. Category N1 and M1 up to 3,5t will be proposed. The regulation shall also be applicable to the approval of systems which will be retrofitted as separate technical units on vehicles in use.

Definition of TPMS
The definition will be reviewed with regard to the definition in ISO.

Definition of Tyre Pressure Monitoring Function
It will be decided later if this definition will be introduced.

Definition of Minimum cold tyre inflation pressure and In service operating pressure
Final decision later.

Tyre Pressure Loss Reminder System (TPRS)
There was no agreement about the introduction of TPRS. OICA proposed the introduction especially with regard to contracting parties who want to allow cheap systems on low price vehicles. The majority of the group, however, was against the introduction of TPRS. In order to make progress the chairman decided to produce the draft regulation without the chapters which are related to TPRS and to leave it to OICA to produce a paper for its reintroduction.

New test procedure
An expert of the vehicle industry made a presentation and explained the advantages of the new test procedure elaborated by ISO. After a long discussion some experts still had doubts whether the new test procedure is better than the old one. Several experts declared that they need more time to compare the old and the new procedure. As most government representatives were in favour of the old procedure the chairman will keep this procedure in the revised text. Nevertheless OICA may produce a paper for the introduction of the new procedure and a final decision can be made later.

Thresholds
The thresholds for safety warning (25%/150 kPa,10min) were agreed. The thresholds for CO2-reduction still need further discussion (percentage or absolute figures). ETRTO proposed 25% or prec – pmin + 20 kPa and OICA will check if this proposal can be accepted. 60 minutes are not appropriate in the eyes of the tyre manufacturers.

Malfunction detection
A manufacturer of TPMS proposed to reduce the detection time.

The question came up, how the text for a draft regulation should be dealt with if there is no agreement on certain items. Mr. Hesse, Germany, declared that it is the task of this group to discuss the German proposal for a draft Regulation on TPMS. If there is no agreement on certain items, Germany will choose a wording which is the best in their opinion. Other governments or associations can send their comments to the text.

The German proposal for a draft regulation on TPMS was discussed during 2 meetings of the task force under the chairmanship of Mr. Zastrow (OICA). The task force made some progress but several items were left open and put into square brackets, because no agreement could be achieved. The following important items were discussed during this meeting:

• Harmonisation with FMVSS 138
  – J would prefer a regulation which is based on US FMVSS 138
  – ETRTO is not in favour of FMVSS 138.
• warm tyre inflation pressure
&émsp; – Definition for this pressure should be introduced.
• tyre pressure monitoring
  – Mr. Hesse (D) will draft a new text for a definition
• warning delay
  – OICA, D, F, J, NL can agree with 10 min.
  – 10 min will be inserted, experts who cannot agree may sent written comments via their association.
• pressure drop for deflated tyre detection
  Different opinions (20%, 25%, 20kPa, tolerances, avoidance of false alert) ETRTO will contact OICA after having discussed this item further.
• TPRS will be put into square brackets

The discussion of this item was deferred because it depends on the decision of GRRF about an ECE Regulation for TPMS. Requirements in R64 will be superfluous when an ECE Regulation for TPMS exists.

The report was approved without comments.

GRRF expects a draft proposal for a TPMS regulation at its next meeting in February 2009. The deadline for sending a text to Geneva which shall become an official document at this meeting is Friday, 14. November 2008. Therefore the discussion of the draft proposal (doc. TPM-03-09_rev1) was considered as the item with highest priority.

OICA gave a presentation explaining their position on various fundamental items to be decided upon. The presentation is availble as doc. TPM-04-03.

Major items of the OICA presentation are:

  – Harmonisation Approach or European Approach
  – New test procedures for warning
  – Test speeds

OICA reported that they could accept the harmonisation approach. That means an ECE-Regulation which is very similar to the US-FMVSS 138. Other members of the group, however, preferred the European approach, because it takes care of safety and environmental aspects (CO2-reduction).

OICA proposed to introduce new test procedures for warning which were developed by ISO. The ISO-procedures would be better reproducible and their results less dependent of the system’s design. Representatives of the tyre industry, however, raised objections against the new test procedures.

It was decided to stop the discussion of the OICA proposals under this point and to raise them again when the relevant item of the draft regulation is discussed.

The group started the discussion of doc. TPM-03-09_rev1 point by point in order to produce a text which can be distributed as an official document for the next GRRF meeting in February 2009. The discussion showed, however, that it is not possible to reach agreement on all items amongst all members of the group during this meeting. The items where no agreement was possible will be put in square brackets and left open for decision by GRRF. The chairman will produce a new revision of the draft regulation in accordance with the results of this meeting which will be submitted to Geneva by the German Government before November 14, 2008. (see doc. TPM-04-02).

A short report about the most important discussion items and their results is given below:

Scope
There was agreement that as a first step the regulation should only be applied to light vehicles. Category N1 and M1 up to 3,5t will be proposed. The regulation shall also be applicable to the approval of systems which will be retrofitted as separate technical units on vehicles in use.

Definition of TPMS
The definition will be reviewed with regard to the definition in ISO.

Definition of Tyre Pressure Monitoring Function
It will be decided later if this definition will be introduced.

Definition of Minimum cold tyre inflation pressure and In service operating pressure
Final decision later.

Tyre Pressure Loss Reminder System (TPRS)
There was no agreement about the introduction of TPRS. OICA proposed the introduction especially with regard to contracting parties who want to allow cheap systems on low price vehicles. The majority of the group, however, was against the introduction of TPRS. In order to make progress the chairman decided to produce the draft regulation without the chapters which are related to TPRS and to leave it to OICA to produce a paper for its reintroduction.

New test procedure
An expert of the vehicle industry made a presentation and explained the advantages of the new test procedure elaborated by ISO. After a long discussion some experts still had doubts whether the new test procedure is better than the old one. Several experts declared that they need more time to compare the old and the new procedure. As most government representatives were in favour of the old procedure the chairman will keep this procedure in the revised text. Nevertheless OICA may produce a paper for the introduction of the new procedure and a final decision can be made later.

Thresholds
The thresholds for safety warning (25%/150 kPa,10min) were agreed. The thresholds for CO2-reduction still need further discussion (percentage or absolute figures). ETRTO proposed 25% or prec – pmin + 20 kPa and OICA will check if this proposal can be accepted. 60 minutes are not appropriate in the eyes of the tyre manufacturers.

Malfunction detection
A manufacturer of TPMS proposed to reduce the detection time.

The group started the discussion of doc. TPM-03-09_rev1 point by point in order to produce a text which can be distributed as an official document for the next GRRF meeting in February 2009. The discussion showed, however, that it is not possible to reach agreement on all items amongst all members of the group during this meeting. The items where no agreement was possible will be put in square brackets and left open for decision by GRRF. The chairman will produce a new revision of the draft regulation in accordance with the results of this meeting which will be submitted to Geneva by the German Government before November 14, 2008. (see doc. TPM-04-02).

A short report about the most important discussion items and their results is given below:

Scope
There was agreement that as a first step the regulation should only be applied to light vehicles. Category N1 and M1 up to 3,5t will be proposed. The regulation shall also be applicable to the approval of systems which will be retrofitted as separate technical units on vehicles in use.

Definition of TPMS
The definition will be reviewed with regard to the definition in ISO.

Definition of Tyre Pressure Monitoring Function
It will be decided later if this definition will be introduced.

Definition of Minimum cold tyre inflation pressure and In service operating pressure
Final decision later.

Tyre Pressure Loss Reminder System (TPRS)
There was no agreement about the introduction of TPRS. OICA proposed the introduction especially with regard to contracting parties who want to allow cheap systems on low price vehicles. The majority of the group, however, was against the introduction of TPRS. In order to make progress the chairman decided to produce the draft regulation without the chapters which are related to TPRS and to leave it to OICA to produce a paper for its reintroduction.

New test procedure
An expert of the vehicle industry made a presentation and explained the advantages of the new test procedure elaborated by ISO. After a long discussion some experts still had doubts whether the new test procedure is better than the old one. Several experts declared that they need more time to compare the old and the new procedure. As most government representatives were in favour of the old procedure the chairman will keep this procedure in the revised text. Nevertheless OICA may produce a paper for the introduction of the new procedure and a final decision can be made later.

Thresholds
The thresholds for safety warning (25%/150 kPa,10min) were agreed. The thresholds for CO2-reduction still need further discussion (percentage or absolute figures). ETRTO proposed 25% or prec – pmin + 20 kPa and OICA will check if this proposal can be accepted. 60 minutes are not appropriate in the eyes of the tyre manufacturers.

Malfunction detection
A manufacturer of TPMS proposed to reduce the detection time.

The fifth meeting of the informal group TPMS was a special meeting with a limited number of participants (Attached to the meeting report). The aim of this meeting was the preparation of a final text for a daft regulation on TPMS for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.

As the chairman of GRRF expressed the urgency of a draft regulation which can be discussed and possibly adopted during the 65th GRRF meeting in February 2009 the group had to concentrate on the elaboration of the text and could not have lengthy discussions about technical matters which are not yet agreed by the whole group.

The chairman informed the group that he will formulate the draft text according to the results of this meeting and send it to the GRRF secretariat before 15. November 2008 that it will become an official document and all interested parties will have sufficient time to send written comments to GRRF for discussion at its 65. meeting.

This procedure seemed to be a reasonable way to comply with the wishes of the GRRF chairman and the EU Commission as the important stakeholders of TPMS , namely the EU Commission, interested governments, OICA, CLEPA and ETRTO were present at this meeting. Items where no agreement could be achieved amongst all members of the TPMS group will be put into square brackets and left open for decision by GRRF. The most important item for GRRF to decide upon will be the warning thresholds of the systems.

Furthermore GRRF will have to give advice how to proceed with vehicle categories other than M1/N1 and systems which will be offered as retrofit systems on the aftermarket.