sonROAD18 is a Swiss road traffic noise emission model based on CNOSSOS-EU formalism, covering more than 10 vehicle categories with speed ranges 20–130 km/h, calibrated using over 700,000 pass-bys from 2015–2017. NExUS is a research model for noise from battery electric and internal combustion engine passenger cars during acceleration in urban scenarios, based on more than 3,000 real drive trajectories recorded in 2024, with speed ranges 0–60 km/h. Both models predict noise emissions via propulsion and rolling noise components using three octave bands.
An improvement intended to increase vehicle robustness in Annex 3 creates more difficulties in RD-ASEP assessment. Small variations in Annex 3 parameters may result in unexpected substantial exceedances in Annex 7. Minimal changes in the calculated tyre share at the anchor point may cause vehicles to fail Annex 7. The regulation should ensure realistic test effort and workload for compliance verification, as current requirements may require up to 180 combinations per type across test tracks, temperatures, driving modes, and tyres.