A simulation study demonstrates that introducing an enhanced crash structure can reduce driver seating position intrusion by up to 60 percent in low overlap frontal collisions. The study was validated by a reference group of 50-60 participants from manufacturers and public administrations. The report on crashworthiness of buses calls for new regulations requiring minimum energy levels that bus frontal structures shall withstand in collision to protect the driver, front underrun protection similar to UN R 93 for trucks, and standardized ways of testing. During 2013–2022, 216 bus drivers were killed and 1243 seriously injured in Europe, with two-thirds in front impact collisions. Norway intends to propose a Taskforce at GRSP in May/June 2026 to develop safety regulations for improved crash safety for buses.

Regarding seat belt and airbag use, simulations show steering column intrusion leaves little survival space even at low speeds, so focus should first address energy absorption and compatibility issues before restraint systems. Impact data from six countries (Denmark, France, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Serbia, and the UK) suggest that in 963 bus driver fatalities and severe injuries, severity could potentially have been reduced with improved frontal protection. Cost-benefit analysis should include injuries to small vehicles in collisions with buses. UN R29 and UN R93 should be considered; UN R93 could be amended to include M₃ buses. A real-life demonstration test with a bus is proposed to validate studies conducted.