24. This was a two year program, between 2011-2013.

25. Three types of testing regimes were used: an engine test stand; simulation of ESC/ETC on a vehicle/powertrain test stand; and road data with PEMS. Only tested type 2 B engines.

26. Fuel: Test fuel or market fuel, both of which are allowed. LNG is particularly difficult to determine fuel quality.

27. Emission sampling complicated by fluctuating fuel composition.

28. Test bench results: tested ten engine types on 100% diesel, LPG, CNG and LNG (ETC cycle).

29. Results: NOx emissions on diesel often too high; CNG HC emissions above the limit (including methane); LPG HC emissions within limits. Difference between diesel substitution (DEC) measured and claimed.

30. Findings and Issues: With D-F technology it is possible to meet Euro V emission levels in the type approval cycles; GHG benefit is negligible for both NG as well as LPG; so far no failures found while using dual-fuel; used vehicles sometimes have higher limits. The R67 and R110 tank mounting requirements for HD use needs attention.

Mr. Rijnders indicated that the Dutch program is a voluntary program and retrofit system manufactures can get, after showing their performance, a license to retrofit some engine/vehicle types. The retrofitted vehicles will get an individual approval. Because it is voluntary there is no enforcement concerning periodic technical inspection yet.