PM samplers must sample continuously until 10 seconds after the end of the WLTP, as particles require 10 seconds to reach the filter after the last brake event. PN calculation does not completely cover all PN of the trips’ last brake event due to time delay and smoothing during the calculation period. Based on ILS data, extending the TBF export by 5 seconds would result in maximum emission factor differences of approximately 0.35 percent, estimated below 1 percent overall influence.