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Geneva

The deadline for the submission of formal documents for this session is 17 June 2019.

| Agenda | Formal | Informal | Report |
Attendance

1. The Working Party on Noise and Tyres (GRBP) held its seventieth session from 11 to 13 September 2019 in Geneva. The meeting was chaired by Mr. S. Ficheux (France). Experts from the following countries participated in the work following Rule 1(a) of the Rules of Procedure of the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) (TRANS/WP.29/700/Rev.1): China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America. An expert from the European Commission (EC) participated. Experts from the following non-governmental organizations also participated: Association of European Wheel Manufacturers (EUWA), Bureau International Permanent des Associations de Vendeurs et Rechapeurs de pneumatiques (BIPAVER), International Motor Vehicle Inspection Committee (CITA), European Association of Automotive Suppliers (CLEPA), European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization (ETRTO), Motorcycle Manufacturers Association (IMMA), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Imported Tyre Manufacturers Association (ITMA), International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) and U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association.

1. Adoption of the agenda

2. GRBP considered and adopted the agenda (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/12, as amended by GRBP-70-01). GRBP noted the running order proposed by the Chair (GRBP-70-05). The list of informal documents is contained in Annex I of the session report. The list of GRBP informal groups is reproduced in Annex VI.

GRBP-70-05 | Running order of the agenda for the 70th GRBP session
GRBP/2019/12 | Annotated provisional agenda for the 70th (September 2019) GRBP session
2. UN Regulation No. 9 (Noise of three-wheeled vehicles)

3. The expert from IMMA presented draft amendments that introduce a mandatory test for Additional Sound Emission Provisions (ASEP) and correct an inconsistency in the ASEP exemption conditions for vehicles with variable gear ratios or automatic transmission with non-lockable gear ratios (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/22 and ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/23). GRBP adopted both proposals and requested the secretariat to submit them to WP.29 and to the Administrative Committee (AC.1) for consideration and vote at their March 2020 sessions as a draft Supplement 1 to the 08 series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 9.

GRBP/2019/22 | UN R9: Proposal for a Supplement to the 08 series of amendments Proposal to correct inconsistencies on the exemption conditions for the additional sound emission provisions (ASEP) for vehicles with variable gear ratios or automatic transmission with non-lockable gear ratios.
GRBP/2019/23 | UN R9: Proposal for a Supplement to the 08 series of amendments Proposal to introduce mandatory additional sound emission provisions (ASEP) testing.
3. UN Regulation No. 41 (Noise emissions of motorcycles)

4. The expert from IMMA proposed amendments with the aim to minimize proliferation of approval numbers from models with differences in vehicle exhaust and silencing systems (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/25). The experts from Germany, Japan, Russian Federation and Spain commented on the proposal. The Chair invited IMMA to prepare a revised document for the next session.

GRBP/2019/25 | UN R41: Proposal for a Supplement to the 04 series of amendments Proposal to allow multiple exhaust and/or silencing system configurations to be explicitly listed under the same motorcycle type approval in order to reduce redundancy and number of separate approvals and documentation.
GRBP/2019/25/Rev.1 | UN R41: Proposal for a Supplement to the 04 series of amendments Proposal to minimize proliferation of approval numbers from models with differences in vehicle exhaust and silencing systems.

5. The expert from IMMA proposed correcting an omission (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/24). GRBP adopted the document, but agreed to postpone its submission to WP.29 and AC.1, awaiting other amendment proposals.

GRBP/2019/24 | UN R41: Proposal for a Supplement to the 04 series of amendments Proposal is to correct an omission regarding the compensating resevoir fill time thereby aligning UN R41 with the other noise UN Regulations Nos. 9, 51 and 63.
4. UN Regulation No. 51 (Noise of M and N categories of vehicles)

6. On behalf of the Informal Working Group on Additional Sound Emission Provisions (IWG ASEP), the expert from Germany proposed clarifications and corrections (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/13). The expert from OICA suggested further modifications (GRBP-70-06). The expert of ISO proposed updates according to the latest revision of standard ISO 5130:2019 (GRBP-70-08-Rev.1). To facilitate the discussion, the expert from OICA prepared a consolidated version of amendments (GRBP-70-26-Rev.1). The expert from Italy pointed out the need for a transitional provision. Finally, GRBP adopted the proposal, as contained in Annex II of the session report, and requested the secretariat to submit it to WP.29 and AC.1 for consideration and vote at their March 2020 sessions as a draft Supplement 6 to the 03 series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 51.

GRBP-70-06 | UN R51: Proposal to amend GRE/2019/13 Proposal for amendments to the draft Supplement 6 to the 03 series of amendments submitting clarifications to the text from the ASEP II informal group.
GRBP-70-08/Rev.1 | UN R51: Proposal for Supplement 7 to the 03 series of amendments Proposal to align UN R51 with ISO 5130:2019 and thereby set requirements for the microphone position as a function of the exhaust outlet configuration.
GRBP-70-26/Rev.1 | UN R51: Revision of document GRBP/2019/13
GRBP/2019/13 | UN R51: Proposal for Supplement 6 to the 03 series of amendments Proposal from the ASEP II informal group for clarifications to the Regulation.

7. GRBP took note of the progress of IWG ASEP (GRBP-70-12).

GRBP-70-12 | Status report of the ASEP informal group

8. The expert from OICA reported on the progress of the Task Force on Measurement Uncertainties (TF MU) (GRBP-70-15). He wondered whether TF MU should become a new IWG and who could become Chair. GRBP agreed to continue work in the framework of the Task Force for the time being and took note that the expert from Norway would be willing to chair TF MU as of its next session, which was scheduled to take place on 28 and 29 November 2019 in Brussels.

GRBP-70-15 | UN R51: Status report of the Task Force on Measurement Uncertainties
5. UN Regulation No. 59 (Replacement silencing systems)

9. The expert from Germany introduced a proposal for a new series of amendments aimed at transposing the modified requirements for non-original replacement exhaust silencing systems (NORESS) from UN Regulation No. 92 (Replacement exhaust silencing systems for motorcycles) into UN Regulation No. 59. GRBP adopted the proposal and requested the secretariat to submit it to WP.29 and AC.1 for consideration and vote at their March 2020 sessions as a draft 03 series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 59.

GRBP/2019/15 | UN R59: Proposal for a Supplement to the 02 series of amendments Proposal to transpose the modified requirements for non-original replacement exhaust silencing systems (NORESS) from UN R92 (Replacement exhaust silencing systems for motorcycles) into UN R59.
6. Tyres
6. (a) UN Regulation No. 106 (Tyres for agricultural vehicles)

10. The expert from ETRTO introduced draft amendments (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/18). GRBP adopted the amendments and requested the secretariat to submit them to WP.29 and AC.1 for consideration and vote at their March 2020 sessions as a draft Supplement 18 to the original series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 106.

GRBP/2019/18 | UN R106: Proposal for amendment Proposal to:<ol class="alpha"><li>include the load variation with speed for IF and VF tyres in Table A of Annex 7</li>introduce a new paragraph (2.18.13) and amend paragraph 3.1.9.and Annex 3,part D to reconcile contradictions</li><li>clarify Annex 6 “Test method for measuring tyre dimensions” via references to other provisions</li><li>Correct example in Annex 3, part C by introducing the dimension “b” for the tyre size designation, and</li><li>Modify inflation pressure markings.</li></ol>
6. (b) UN Regulation No. 108 (Retreaded tyres for passenger cars and their trailers)

11. GRBP agreed to postpone consideration of ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/6 to the next session.

GRBP/2019/16 | UN R108: Proposal for amendment Proposal to align the provisions for retreaded tyres to be tested and marked with the three-peak-mountain snow-flake (3PMSF) symbol with the amendment proposals to UN R117 (document GRBP/2019/19).
6. (c) UN Regulation No. 109 (Retreaded tyres for commercial vehicles and their trailers)

12. GRBP agreed to postpone consideration of ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/7 to the next session.

GRBP/2019/17 | UN R109: Proposal for amendment Proposal to align the provisions for retreaded tyres to be tested and marked with the three-peak-mountain snow-flake (3PMSF) symbol with the amendment proposals to UN R117 (document GRBP/2019/19).
6. (d) UN Regulation No. 117 (Tyre rolling resistance, rolling noise and wet grip)

13. On behalf of the group of interested experts (GOIE) on snow tyre provisions, the experts from Germany and ETRTO introduced draft amendments which would allow the type approval of special use tyres that fulfil the requirements for snow performance in Annex 7 (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/14). The experts of China, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and OICA raised several questions on the proposed new definitions and limits. The expert from EC made a reservation, because the EU member States should first reach a common position on the proposal which would set up new less stringent limits. The expert of the Russian Federation, being part of GOIE, volunteered to deliver a presentation at the next session with the aim to provide additional explanations. GRBP decided to continue this discussion at the next session.

GRBP/2019/14 | UN R117: Proposal for a Supplement to the 02 series of amendments Proposal from the group of interested experts to allow for the type approval of special-use tyres designed for severe snow conditions.

14. The expert from ETRTO recalled the postponed proposal for amendments (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRVA/2018/5 and GRB-68-12) and presented complementary modifications (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/19, GRBP-70-21-Rev.2). Various experts posed clarifying questions, in particular, on the use of terms “repeatability” and “reproducibility”. Following an in-depth discussion, GRBP adopted the proposals, as amended by Annex III, and requested the secretariat to submit them to WP.29 and AC.1 for consideration and vote at their March 2020 sessions as a draft Supplement 11 to the 02 series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 117.

GRB-68-12 | UN R117: Comments on the Supplement proposal GRVA/2018/5
GRBP-70-21/Rev.2 | UN R117: Modification to document GRBP/2019/19
GRBP/2019/19 | UN R117: Proposal for an amendment Proposal for an amendment to complement the content of working document GRVA/2018/5. The proposal includes amendments to:<ol><li>The Standard Reference Test Tyre (SRTT) denominations</li><li>Remove the discrimination between the two Class C3 tyres</li><li>Clarify that there are no C3 tyres in the scope of this UN Regulation "not marked with speed symbol"</li><li>Align Annex 6 with the most recent amendments made to standard ISO 28580</li><li>Define "standard deviation" as appropriate in the text</li><li>Clarify that, in the cases of C2 and C3 tyres, the “Reference (test) pressure” and the value “Pr” correspond to the indication of the inflation pressure which is always marked on the sidewall</li><li>Use "repeatability" in lieu of inaccurate "reproducibility"</li><li>Update test report forms</li><li>Include the date on which the new proposed supplement of UN Regulation No. 117 will apply</li><li>Improve the description of the evaluation of the rolling sound emission test</li>Correct the figure in Annex 2, Appendix 2, and</li><li>Update cross references pursuant to paragraph renumbering.</li></ol>
GRVA/2018/5 | UN R117: Proposal for a Supplement Proposal to update certain Standard Reference Test Tyre (SRTT) denominations, to remove the distinction between the two Class C3 tyres, to clarify the text and remove the reference to tyres "not marked with speed symbol". <span style="color:orange">This document will be handled by GRB during its 68th session and is referenced under GRVA due to the "conversion" of GRRF.</span>

15. GRBP was briefed on the activities of IWG on Wet Grip Performance of Tyres in a Worn State (IWG WGWT) (GRBP-70-23) and noted that IWG WGWT planned to submit an informal document to the seventy-second session of GRBP (September 2020) and a working document for adoption at the seventy-third session (January 2021). GRBP agreed that IWG would be co-chaired by France and the European Commission. The GRBP Chair encouraged all experts to participate in IWG WGWT.

16. The expert of EC proposed enlarging the scope of IWG WGWT to C2/C3 tyres and some further modifications to its Terms of Reference (GRBP-70-03). The experts from France and Japan were of the view out that C1 tyres should remain a priority for IWG WGWT and that C2/C3 tyres should only be addressed afterwards. The experts from the Netherlands and ETRTO pointed out that the behaviour of C2/C3 tyres in a worn state is completely different from C1 tyres. GRBP decided to revert to the issue at the next session and requested IWG WGWT to consider this idea in the interim. GRBP agreed to other modifications to the Terms of Reference, as laid down in Annex IV of the session report.

GRBP-70-03 | Revised Terms of Reference of the Working Group on Worn Tyres (WGWT)
GRBP-70-23 | Status report of the Worn Tyres informal group

17. The expert from ETRTO provided an update of tyre industry and ISO activities on improving the wet grip test method for passenger car tyres (C1) (GRBP-70-20) and indicated his intention to submit a working document to the next session of GRBP. The Chair encouraged GRBP experts to send their comments to ETRTO.

GRBP-70-20 | Wet grip test method improvement for C1 tyres

18. The expert of ETRTO pointed out the need for a new definition of “traction tyres”, because the current definition did not well segregate real traction tyres from non-traction ones (GRBP-70-19). The experts from OICA commented on the document. The Chair invited ETRTO, in cooperation with OICA, to prepare a formal proposal for consideration at the next session.

GRBP-70-19 | New traction definition
6. (e) UN Global Technical Regulation No. 16 (Tyres)

19. On behalf of the Informal Working Group on the UN Global Technical Regulation No. 16 on Tyres (IWG Tyre GTR), the expert from ETRTO introduced a draft proposal for amendment No. 2 to UN GTR No. 16 (Tyres), together with a technical report (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/20, ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/21, GRBP-70-02, GRBP-70-17-Rev.1, GRBP-70-18-Rev.1). GRBP adopted the technical report and proposal, as modified by Annex V, and invited requested the secretariat to submit these documents to the March 2020 session of the Executive Committee of the 1998 Agreement (AC.3). GRBP thanked the Chair, Secretary and all participants of the IWG Tyre GTR for their dedicated work.

GRBP-70-02 | GTR 16: Consolidated GTR incorporating draft Amendment 2 TyreGTR informal group draft highlighting amendments, including provisions for LT/C tyres.
GRBP-70-17/Rev.1 | GTR 16: Proposal for amendments to document GRBP/2019/21 Latest changes from the TyreGTR informal group to the draft Amendment 2.
GRBP-70-18/Rev.1 | GTR 16: Presentation on draft Amendment 2
GRBP/2019/20 | GTR 16: Technical Report for Amendment 2
GRBP/2019/21 | GTR 16: Proposal for Amendment 2
7. Draft UN Regulation on reversing alarm

20. On behalf of the Task Force on Reverse Warning (TF RW), the expert from Japan reported on the progress of TF RW (GRBP-70-24). He mentioned that a draft new UN Regulation would be uploaded at the TF RW website and invited GRBP experts to provide their comments by 18 October 2019.

21. GRBP noted that, in line with its guidance, the expert from Switzerland had informed the Working Party on General Safety (GRSG), at its April 2019 session, about the TF RW activities and had explained that a “pause switch” for reverse warning sound devices would be permitted if other safety devices (e.g. camera monitor systems) were activated. GRSG had welcomed the information and had agreed on the need to coordinate this subject between GRBP and GRSG to avoid overregulation of these devices. The expert from Switzerland stated that he would report GRPB-70-24 to GRSG at its forthcoming session in October. The Chair stated that he would inform WP.29 about the idea of producing a new UN Regulation and cooperation with GRSG.

GRBP-70-24 | Status report of the Reversing Warning task force
8. Exchange of information on national and international requirements on noise levels

22. No information was reported under this agenda item.

9. Influence of road surface on tyre rolling sound emissions

23. The expert from the Russian Federation reported on the feedback from GRBP experts on the Draft Resolution on Road Surface Labelling (GRBP-70-11). He indicated that replies had been received from Austria, Finland, France, Norway, Russian Federation, Switzerland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. According to the expert, the main conclusions of the survey were as follows:

  • The Draft Resolution on Road Surface Labelling (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2019/2) in many aspects does not seem suitable for international implementation;
  • There was not much interest expressed to pursue the issue of grading and labelling road surfaces in the framework of GRBP;
  • GRBP and WP.29 do not seem to be appropriate fora to consider this issue, as it is currently out of their scope;
  • The issue should be communicated to the European Committee for Standardization (its technical committee CEN/TC 227) and/or to the relevant ISO technical committee, if available.

24. GRBP agreed to the above conclusions and requested its Chair to bring them to the attention of WP.29.

GRB/2019/2 | Revised proposal for a draft Resolution on road surface labelling
GRBP-70-11 | Road surface labeling: Feedback from GRBP experts
10. Proposals for amendments to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles

25. No issues were considered under this item.

11. Development of the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval system

26. GRBP noted that, at the November 2019 session of WP.29, IWG on the International Whole Vehicle Type Approval (IWVTA) would submit amendment proposals to the original version and to the 01 series amendments to UN Regulation No. 0 as well as a proposal for the 02 series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 0. IWG also planned to submit a revised list of UN Regulations for IWVTA, Phase 2.

12. Highlights of the March and June 2019 sessions of the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

27. The secretariat reported on the highlights of the March and June 2019 sessions of WP.29 (GRBP-70-13). GRBP took note of this information.

GRBP-70-13 | GRBP 70th session: WP.29 highlights and general information
13. Exchange of views on the future work of the Working Party on Noise and Tyres

28. The expert of OICA reported on a study with the aim to determine the inter-dependency between the rolling sound, rolling resistance and the main safety performances by carrying out tests according to regulatory or standard procedures (GRBP-70-25). The expert from OICA pointed out, that given the budget constraints, the study had focused on C1 tyres. The study results indicated a conflict between the rolling sound and safety performances, like wet grip, dry grip and lateral aquaplaning. According to the expert, a low level of rolling sound could not be proven as feasible without compromising other parameters essential for vehicle safety and CO2 emission reduction. He added that a full study report would soon be available. Various experts thanked OICA for the study and indicated they would further consider its results. The Chair invited experts to transmit their comments to OICA, if any.

GRBP-70-25 | Tyre performance study: noise vs. other performance

29. The Chair presented a revised document on priorities of the future work (GRBP-70-10). The expert from EC reported on their ongoing study on requirements and test procedures for the tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) for vehicle categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4 (GRBP-70-14) which might result in preparing amendment proposals to UN Regulation No. 141 on TPMS. GRBP decided to come back to the list of priorities, once the outcome of the study would be known.

GRBP-70-10 | Allocation of the GRBP priorities Table of GRBP regulatory priorities and timelines.
GRBP-70-14 | Study on requirements and test procedures for TPMS for vehicle categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4
14. Other business

30. The expert from the Russian Federation presented GRBP-70-07 on the emissions of hazardous substances and particulate matters caused by wear of tyres and roadway, which contaminates urban atmosphere. GRBP took note of this information as well as of the position of the European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturer’s Association (ETRMA) (GRBP-70-16). The expert from EC mentioned the ongoing European Union study on the subject. The Chair acknowledged the importance of this issue and recalled that it had been allocated to the Working Party on Pollution and Energy (GRPE) and its Informal Working Group on Particle Measurement Programme (IWG PMP).

GRBP-70-07 | Emissions of hazardous substances and particulate matters caused by wear of tyres
GRBP-70-16 | Statement on emission of particulate matters

31. The expert from Germany proposed amendments to UN Regulation No. 138 with the aim to introduce a maximum sound level for the acoustic vehicle alerting system (AVAS) at speeds greater than 20 km/h (GRBP-70-04). Following a brief discussion, the Chair invited the expert to submit a working document for consideration at the next session.

GRBP-70-04 | UN R138: Proposal for Supplement 2 to the 01 series of amendments Proposal to reconcile UN R138 with UN R51 with regard to maximum sound pressure levels at speeds greater than 20 km/h by clarifying that the 75 dB(A) limit for AVAS under UN R138 concerns only the 0-20 km/h speed range.

32. The expert of ISO reported on development of ISO 16254 and invited GRBP experts to participate in the evaluation process (GRBP-70-09).

GRBP-70-09 | ISO 16254 Technical Measurement Development Presentation on the status of the 2019 update to ISO 16254 (Acoustics - Measurement of sound emitted by road vehicles of category M and N at standstill and low speed operation - Engineering method). ISO 16254 specifies an engineering method for measuring the sound emitted by M and N category road vehicles at standstill and low speed operating conditions.

33. The expert from France proposed an amendment to UN Regulation No. 28 which complemented paragraph 2 “Definition” with an “electronic” operation of the audible warning device (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/26). GRBP adopted the proposal and requested the secretariat to submit it to WP.29 and AC.1 for consideration and vote at their March 2020 sessions as a draft Supplement 6 to the original series of amendments to UN Regulation No. 28.

GRBP/2019/26 | UN R28: Proposal for a Supplement Proposal to define "electronic" as a "principle of operation by electric or electro-magnetic force with amplifier and speaker or resonator".

34. The secretariat reported that the Inland Transport Committee (ITC), at its eighty-first session in 2019, had adopted the ITC Strategy until 2030, invited its subsidiary bodies to follow-up by aligning their work with the strategy and requested the secretariat to take the necessary actions to promote the implementation of the strategy (ECE/TRANS/288, paras. 15 (a), (c) and (g)). Furthermore, the Committee had expressed its concern for the limited progress globally in meeting the Sustainable Development Goal targets on road safety and those of the United Nation Decade of Action for Road Safety (ibid, para. 64) (GRBP-70-27).

35. GRBP noted that, in order to help countries, particularly new contracting parties, to further implement legal instruments in the area of road safety, the secretariat had prepared the draft ITC Recommendations for Enhancing National Road Safety Systems for comments by the Working Parties. GRBP stressed the importance of this document and invited GRBP experts to transmit their comments to the secretariat by 1 November 2019 at the latest.

GRBP-70-27 | ITC Strategy 2030 - Special focus: Draft ITC Recommendations for enhancing National Road Safety Systems

36. GRBP recalled its discussion on how to implement the new provisions of Revision 3 of the 1958 Agreement on “Unique Identifier” (UI) and agreed to resume it at the next session, in the light of ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2019/77 which had been submitted to the November 2019 session of WP.29 by the Informal Working Group on Database of the Exchange of Type Approval documentation (IWG DETA).

WP.29/2019/77 | DETA: Specifications and application guidelines for the Unique Identifier (UI) module

37. GRBP was informed that Mr. T. Stoffels, Netherlands, would no longer attend GRBP meetings, due to impending retirement. GRB thanked him for his valuable contributions and wished him success in the future.

15. Provisional agenda for the seventy-first session

38. For its seventy-first session, scheduled to be held in Geneva from 28 to 31 January 2020, GRBP decided to keep the same structure of the provisional agenda and include, in particular, UN Regulations Nos. 41, 108, 109, 117 (document ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRBP/2019/14 and Terms of Reference of IWG WGWT), 138 and the item on road surface labelling. GRBP also noted that the deadline for the submission of official documents to the secretariat would be 4 November 2019, twelve weeks prior to the session. The Chair called on GRBP experts to submit informal documents at least one week before the session in order to give other experts an ample opportunity to study them.

16. Election of officers

39. In compliance with Rule 37 of the Rules of Procedure (TRANS/WP.29/700 and ECE/TRANS/WP.29/700/Amend.1), GRBP called for the election of officers. The representatives of the Contracting Parties, present and voting, elected unanimously Mr. Serge Ficheux (France) as Chair and Mr. Andrei Bocharov (Russian Federation) as Vice-Chair for the sessions of GRBP scheduled for the year 2020.